What Do You Mean By Ports And Connector? How Many Types Of ports And Connector Are There.

What Do You Mean By Ports And Connector?

A port is a socket on the outside of the system unit that is connected to an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. A port allow connecting a peripheral devices such as a monitor, printer, or modem, so that it can communicate with the computer system. Ports and connector are divided into three parts and they are:-

1. Legacy Multifunction Port
2. Single Standard Function Port
3. Modern Multifunction Port

1. Legacy Multifunction Ports

Every cable has a connector at the end that plugs into a corresponding ports on a PC. Connector carry data and sometimes power between devices attached to the PC. Ports are the interface, the "doorways"  used to connect the devices to the PC.Connectors and ports can be either male or female, defined as having pins or sockets,respectively.
Let’s start with the two ancient multifunction ports that linger on most modern PCs: serial ports and parallel ports.Serial and parallel ports have a slight D shape, which allows only one proper way to insert a plug into the socket and makes it easier to remember what they’re called. Technically, they’re known as D-sub or D-subminiature connectors, but most techs call them DB.

Serial Ports
Serial ports come in 9-pin and 25 varieties . Of the two, the 9 (five pins on the top row, four on the bottom) variety is much more common,n although even those are rapidly disappearing from modern PCs. Serial ports transfer data 1 bit (the smallest unit of data in the PC world) at a time, with a maximum throughput speed of 115Kbps.Devices that connected to the PC via the serial port included mice, external modems, label printers, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), and digital cameras.

Parallel Ports

Parallel ports are the 25-pin (13 on the top row, 12 on the bottom) female ports on the back of older PCs, as shown in. Folks often incorrectly refer to parallel ports simply as “printer ports,” but many other devices have used parallel ports, such as external CD ROM drives, Zip drives, and scanners.
Through this port, the data transimission rate is 1Byte at the speed of 150Kbps. It can transfer the data in higher speed as compare to serial port.

Types Of Motherboard

Types Of Motherboard

There are diffrent types of motherboard and thery are:-

1. XT-  E xtended Technology
2. ATX- Advanced Technology
3. Baby At- BabyAdvanced Technology
4. ATX- Advanced Technology Extended
5. BTX- BalanceTechnology Extended

 XT- X tended Technology

Xt stands for Extended technology. This is old types of motherboard means old model of motherboard which is not not used nowadays. In this mother we can found old types of processor socket LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets, ram slots DIMMs( Dual inline Memory Module) and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector and no any external  ports.
They have slot type processors, DIMMs memory modules, ISA slots for add-on card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-on cards for ports.
Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium -MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.

 AT Motherboards:

AT stands for Advanced Technology.
In Advanced Technology of Motherboards we can see PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin power connector from SMPS ( switch mode power supply) to motherboard, PCI slots and ISA slots.
we find the above components which is found in  AT motherboards.

Eg: Pentium-III Processors

 Baby AT Motherboards:

Baby AT Motherboards is the combination of both XT and AT.
This is little bit changes each other because it has got both slot type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, while, AT motherboard  have PGA socket And XTotherboard have Slot types of processer socket, SD Ram slots and DDR Ram slots can be found in this motherboard, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power connector and 20Pin power connector and Ports.

Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV

ATX Motherboard

ATX motherboards stands for Advanced Technology eXtended which  have a central Northbridge chip encircled by the CPU, RAM, drive, and power connections; expansion slots; and connections for
external devices.ATX motherboards use mini-DIN (PS/2) connectors for the keyboard and mouse, and most have integrated USB ports. Many also feature onboard modem and NIC ports, FireWire ports, sound, and video. ATX motherboards dominate the PC market. Two popular variations of the ATX form factor are microATX and FlexATX. These use the same power connections and have the same basic layout as ATX but are scaled to fit in to much smaller ATX cases. Full-sized ATX motherboards will not fit into microATX or FlexATX cases, although most full sized cases support the smaller motherboards.

The power supply connector from the smps to motherboard is 20pin or 24 pin.

BTX Motherboard

BTX stands for Balance technology Extended. Fast CPUs and powerful graphics cards in today’s PCs create. phenomenal amounts of heat, which motivated the PC industry to create the “coolest” form factor used today -the Balanced Technology eXtended (BTX) form factor. BTX defines three subtypes: standard BTX, microBTX, and picoBTX, designed to replace ATX, microATX, and FlexATX,
respectively. At first glance, BTX looks like ATX, but notice that the I/O ports and the expansion slots have switched sides. Everything in the BTX standard is designed to improve cooling. BTX cases vent in cool air from the front and vent out warm air in the back. CPUs are moved to the front of the motherboard so they benefit from the cool air entering the front of the case. BTX defines a special heat sink and fan assembly called the thermal unit. The thermal unit’s fan blows the hot CPU air directly out the back of the case, as opposed to the ATX method of just blowing the air into the case and letting the power supply and case fans pull air out. The BTX standard offers better cooling than ATX, but the PC industry tends to take its time when making big changes like moving to a new form factor. As a result, BTX has not yet made much of an impact in the industry, and BTX motherboards, cases, and thermal units are still fairly rare.

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Motherboard Form FactorAnd Internall And external Connectors

2) Motherboard Form Factor

Motherboards come into different  form factors,XT, AT, Baby AT, ATX or BTX, plus you’ll see a sprinkling of proprietary and other form factor motherboards out there as well. Each form factor has several varieties. The form factor defines the motherboard’s shape size, its orientation, the location of built-in sockets and expansion slots, and so on. The motherboard’s form factor determines the type of power supply and case a PC can use. Form factors are not interchangeable, means which cannot be changed . That means that ATX motherboards fit into ATX cases, and BTX motherboards fit into BTX cases AT motherboard fit into the At case.

3) Motherboard Internal and External Connector

Motherboards today come with connectors to support literally dozens of devices, from the core components of CPU and memory, to sophisticated high-speed networking. You’ve already seen the most common integrated I/O ports , which covered serial, parallel, keyboard, mouse, video, audio, multimedia, MIDI/joystick, modem,b network, USB, FireWire, and SCSI ports.  CPU, RAM, hard drives, removable drives, and expansion slots. When you upgrade or recommend an upgrade, you must address one question: Can the hardware do the job desired by your client? If your client wants to play the latest and greatest games, for example, you need to look at his or her machine and determine its capability.RAM slots to install 2+ GB of memory? Does the chip set support that much? Look at the expansion slot for the
video card. Is it AGP or PCI Express? Does it have the number and type of expansion slots needed for future growth? If your client wants to get a new, high-speed scanner—a more mundane example— you need to weigh several factors. If the motherboard has a FireWire port, just recommend a FireWire-capable scanner and the client is set. Ifn the motherboard has USB but not FireWire, on the other hand, you need to determine whether the USB is Hi-Speedn or plain vanilla USB. If the latter, buying a Hi-Speed USB–capable scanner and plugging it into the lower speed connection would work, but would the client be getting his money’s worth? Of course not! So a good recommendation to overcome this motherboard limitation would be to go for the Hi-Speed scanner and install a Hi- Speed USB controller into an expansion slot. By examining the capabilities and limitations of specific motherboards, you can provide the right experience for your clients.

What Do You Mean By Motherboard?

What Do You Mean By Motherboard?

The physical component of the computer hardware, where we can attached the computer peripheral devices directly or indirectly, this platform is known as motherboard. RAM, CPU, Video Card etc are the example of directly connecting devices where as; mouse, keyboard, etc are the example of indirectly connecting devices on the motherboard.

while creating a motherboard, manufacture decide three things when creating a new Motherboard. First, they select the the set of chips—appropriately called the chip sets- that provides support for everything that plugs into the motherboard. Second, they select a style of motherboard, the form factor that defines the size and shape, among other things. Finally, manufacturers decide which connectors to include for both internal and external devices. This section looks at chip sets, form factors, and connections available on motherboards.

 1)  Motherboard Chip Sets

 2)  Mother Form Factor

 3) Motherboard Internal and External Connector


 1)  Motherboard Chip Sets

Every motherboard has a chip set that determines the type of processor the motherboard accepts, the type and capacity of RAM,and what sort of internal and external devices the motherboard supports. The chips in a PC’s chip set serve as electronic interfaces through which the CPU, RAM, and input/output devices interact.Chip sets vary in feature, performance, and stability, so they factor hugely in the purchase or recommendation of a particular motherboard. Most modern chip sets are composed of two primary chips—the North bridge and the South bridge . The North bridge chip on Intel-based motherboards helps the CPU work with RAM. On AMD- based motherboards, the North bridge provides the communication with the video card, rather than memory, because the memory controller is built into the CPU.Current North bridge chips do a lot and thus get pretty hot, so they have their own heat sink and fan assembly.

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North Bridge, who control all the word-one by the CPU, RAM And AGP/PCIe slots. While South Bridge Can Control the work-done bye the PCI slot, ISA slots, ROM, Internal and External Connectors.

What is science?

What is science?

     Science is the concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. It is done through observation of natural phenomena, and or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural processes under controlled conditions.

     Consider some examples. An ecologist observing the territorial behaviors of bluebirds and a geologist examining the distribution of fossils in an outcrop are both scientists making observations in order to find patterns in natural phenomena. They just do it outdoors and thus entertain the general public with their behavior. An astrophysicist photographing distant galaxies and a climatologist sifting data from weather balloons similarly are also scientists making observations, but in more discrete settings.

     The examples above are observational science, but there is also experimental science. A chemist observing the rates of one chemical reaction at a variety of temperatures and a nuclear physicist recording the results of bombardment of a particular kind of matter with neutrons are both scientists performing experiments to see what consistent patterns emerge. A biologist observing the reaction of a particular tissue to various stimulants is likewise experimenting to find patterns of behavior. These folks usually do their work in labs and wear impressive white lab coats, which seems to mean they make more money too.

     The critical commonality is that all these people are making and recording observations of nature, or of simulations of nature, in order to learn more about how nature, in the broadest sense, works.

What Do You Mean By Computer Network?

What Do You Mean By Computer Network? 

A computer network is the collection of the computer Hardware and Software that enables a group of computer to communicate with each other, and let network users share resources. Each computer on the network is sometimes called nodes.

Shared resources can be like data, folders where a different types of files, or a mail message, software application or hardware, like printers, scanners or modems. Most organization use network because it make easy to share all these valuable resources. Computer network are everywhere from a simple, two-PC home setup to the vast resources of the internet. But any computer network includes certain basic components, weather you are running a window operating system or some other kind of software.

Some Common Network Component
Component              Definition

Server:                      Any computer that makes resources available to other computers on the network.
                                  Server computer runs network server OS

Client :                      Any computer that use the resources of the server. Client computer run network
                                  client  software.

Resources:                The data, application, and hardware provided by the network server for use by
                                   network clients.

Network Adapter:     A special adapter card that can enable two computers to send the data out over
                                   the network media.

Media:                      The phycical mean of communication between network computers. The
                                   network medium is a specialized cable. Other media include
                                   radio signal,telecommunication lines and infrared transmission.

Network Protocol:     A specialized electronic language that enables network computers to communicate.

Network Topology:    The physical layout of the network. This often includes specification for the types                                          of media, adapters, and protocol the network can use

Fourth generation of computer (1971AD-Present)

Fourth generation of computer (1971AD-Present)


The invention of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the fourth generation computers. MSI ielded to LSI, VLSDI and ULSI. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The invention of  microprocessor led to the development of microcomputer or the personal computers. The development of chip diminish the size and price of computers.
The first microprocessor called Intel 4004 was developed by American Intel Corporation in 1971.
This computer has faster acceding and processing speed and increased memory capacity. These features led to the development of much more powerful operating system.
Developments in fourth generation language and application software for microcomputers become popular and allowed home and business users to adapt their computer for  word processing, spresdsheet manipulating, file handling and graphics.

Fifth generation of computer (Coming Generation)

Fifth generation of computer (Coming Generation)

These computer are incomplete. Researcher are going on the development of these computers. These will have been developed that will able to converse with people and able to mimic human sense, manual skills, and intelligence. For this, the concept of Artificial Intelligence is being used. Researcher are planning to produce bio-chip that are to be used i fifth generation of computers.
Many projects has been started in the world for the 5th generation computers. They are:-

• The ICOT program in japan
• DARPA project in USA Defense Advanced research Project Agency
• MCC project in USA Microelectronic  and Computer technology Corporation

Features of the fifth  generation computers will be;

• Intelligence Knowledge Based System (IKBS) are the central element of fifth generation compuuters.
• These will be used superconductor technology with little or no resistance greatly improving the speed of information flow.
• These machine will incorporate Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)
• These are aimed to able to solve highely comples problem, which requie great intelligence and expertise whwn solved by people.

Fourth generation of computer (1971AD-Present)

Fourth generation of computer (1971AD-Present)

The invention of microprocessor chip marked the beginning of the fourth generation computers. MSI yielded to LSI, VLSDI and ULSI. Semiconductor memories replaced magnetic core memories. The invention of  microprocessor led to the development of microcomputer or the personal computers. The development of chip diminish the size and price of computers.
The first microprocessor called Intel 4004 was developed by American Intel Corporation in 1971.
This computer has faster accessing and processing speed and increased memory capacity. These features led to the development of much more powerful operating system.
Developments in fourth generation language and application software for microcomputers become popular and allowed home and business users to adapt their computer for  word processing, spreadsheet manipulating, file handling and graphics.

Features of the fourth  generation computers were;

• VLSI introduce and used.
• Computer size changed from desktop to laptop and from laptop to palmtop.
• More advanced operating system such as window98, and NT were developed.
• Computer are linked together and share information.
• Fourth generation language(4GL) is used.

The examples of fourth-generation computer are IBM-PC, HP laptops, Mac Notebook etc.

Third generation of computer (1964-1971 AD)

Third generation of computer (1964-1971 AD)

The development of the Integrated Circuit  signaled the third generation.
Transistors were  replaced with integrated circuit known popularly as chips. Scientists managed to fit many component on the single chip; as a result, computer become ever smaller as more component were squeezed on the chip.
Magnetic disks began to replace magnetic tape for auxiliary and video display terminal were introduce for the output of data. Keyboard were used for the input of data. A new operating system were introduce for automatic processing and multiprogramming.
The size of main memories reached about four megabytes. These computer were highly reliable, relevantly expensive, and fastly. High-level programming languages continued to be developed.

Features of the third generation computers were;

• Transistor replaced by integrated circuit s in their electronic circuitry.
• Magnetic disk were used for auxiliary memory.
• Monitor and keyboard were introduced for data input and output respectively.
• They had larger storage capacity.
• Database management system was developed.
• Computer were used in census calculation, milliatery, bank and industries

The example of third generation computers  are IMB-360 series, ICL-900 series, and Honey Well 200 series.

Second generation of computer (1956-1964 AD)

Second generation of computer (1956-1964 AD)

The second generation of electronic computers began with the development of the transistor (electronic switching devices). A transistor transfer signal across a register. The three Bell Lab scientist,John Burdeen, Walter Brattain, and William Schockley, working for Bell Labs invented the transistor in 1947 which won Nobel Prize in 1956.
Transistor were highly reliable compared to tubes. Transistors were far superior in performance on account of their miniature size smaller power consumption and heat production rate. The second generation computer used these semiconductor devices. Second generation computer had many advantage over their predecessors.

Features of the second  generation computers were;

• They were compact and hence occupied less space.
• Because of absence of heating, the power required to operate them was low.
• The operating speed was much higher than the first generation computers. It was in terms of microseconds.
• Transistor reduce the size of computers.
• It could perform scientific calculation such as solving differential equation.

The example of this generation computers are: IBM1620,Honeywell 400 series,LEO MarkIII, ibm7094 etc.

First generation of the computer (1945-1956 AD)

First generation of the computer (1945-1956 AD)

The first generation of the computer operated on  the principle of thermionic emission. They used thermionic valves also known as vacuum tubes as CPU components, magnetic drum for data storage, and machine language was used for giving instructions. The first generation computers used stored program concept. The computers of generation were very large in size called mainframe or room sized computers. Their programing was difficult and the time consuming. The programing of first generation computer was dine in machine language (instruction were written in binary digits 0s and 1s).  Afterward assembly language (program were written in mnemonics) was developed and used in first generation computers.
John Von Neuumann designed a computer called EDVAC with architecture of CPU, which allowed all computer function to be coordinate through  a single source. Lee De Forest invented vacuum tubes in 1908.


Features of the first generation computers were;

• It was the large mainframes, built with thermionic valves or vacuum tubes technology.
• It occupy very large space, slow, inefficient, and unreliable due to low accuracy.
• The operating system was in terms of millisecond.
• The power consumption was very high and it generated much heat.
• Programming mainly at the hardware level. Low level programming language were used.
• It could only perform straight forward numerical calculation.
• The example of first generation computer are ENIAC, EDVAC,EDSAC, AND  UNIVAC.

LEARN ABOUT COMPUTER

What is computer

Everybody in this world are familiar to the computer. They all know about the computer. whwn some one asked, that what is computer then; generally most of the people say that, computer is an electronic device which accept input, process it and gives us an output. Ya, this is right but today we need some extra, easy and well sentence, which i am going to say you.

A computer is a multipurpose, programmable, and electronic data processing device which is capable of  accepting input(instruction/raw data), processing it and provide a refined data (user required) as an output(information) in a enormous speed.

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

“Necessity is the mother of invention”. The computers were invented to search for fast, accurate and comfort calculating devices for human beings.

Evolution of the computer is a study of past development of computer, whereas generation of computer may be defines as an average period of time in which old computer technology be replaced by newer technology.

Ancient people lived on the earth for centuries without counting. Then they starts to count with their ten finger. It become so difficult to live and to remember them more facts using their ten fingers. these phenomena were gradually replaced by the use of stones, sticks, counting notches.

The main thing is that, the computer as we know it today had its beginning with 19th century English mathematics professes name Charles Babbage designed the analytic engine and it was the design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.

Generation of the computer

Computer generation’s classification is mainly based on the basic of devices used. Also the consideration are the architecture, language,etc. The function  performed by the computers and the speed of their operations have been changing since the old days to the most modern computers. There have been great variation in size and cost OS computers. Technological break-through in hardware and software resulted  into more and advanced computer system. It has been identified that there are four major stages in the continuous development process of the computers. These stage are called generation of the computer.

The first generation of the computer was the large mainframes built with valves. The smaller built with transistor are called the second generation of the computers. And the computer made with silicon chips are third generation computers. Real break-through came when the microprocessor  chip arrived. The microprocessor computer are called fourth generation of the computer.